What enterovirus is commonly associated with neurologic illness?
Enterovirus B was associated with viral meningitis in children and adults. Hand, foot and mouth disease associated Enteroviruses A (EV-A71 and Coxsackievirus [CV] A10) were detected in children with encephalitis.
What are the 3 viral illnesses that could harm the nervous system?
Dengue-virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Chikungunya-virus, Japanese Encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West-Nile-virus and St. Louis Encephalitis are among the most common flaviviral infections in which the CNS is involved.
What is the most serious disease caused by EV71?
Among the diverse neurological complications of EV71 infection, brainstem encephalitis is the most critical neurological manifestation, because it can cause pulmonary hemorrhage leading to death.
How does enterovirus 71 spread?
EV71 infection is transmitted from person to person by direct contact with nose and throat secretions, saliva, fluid from blisters or the faeces of infected people. The virus may continue to be excreted in the faeces for several weeks. A person is infectious for as long as the virus is present in the faeces.
Which type of enterovirus is easy to invade the central nervous system causing serious complications?
It is well known that neurotropic enteroviruses are able to invade the CNS and infect neural cells.
Does enterovirus D68 cause paralysis?
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a non-polio enterovirus that occasionally causes respiratory illnesses. EV-D68 infections have occurred over the last couple of years and have a high prevalence worldwide. This virus has recently been linked to acute flaccid paralysis and particularly affects children.
Can a viral infection cause neurological symptoms?
Viruses can cause neurological problems due to a number of mechanisms including lytic effects on brain cells (cytomegalovirus), induced apoptosis (vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV), or secondary damage due to release of glutamate, DNA, and other inducers of further brain damage.
What virus attacks nerve cells?
Some viruses infect only neuronal populations such as rabies, polioviruses, and the arthropod-borne viruses, and some only infect selective neuron populations. Other viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, appear to infect neurons and glial populations with little selectivity.
How is enterovirus 71 transmitted?
What are the neurologic complications of EV71 infection?
Among the diverse neurological complications of EV71 infection, brainstem encephalitis is the most critical neurological manifestation, because it can cause pulmonary hemorrhage leading to death.
What is enterovirus EV71?
EV71 is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the human enterovirus A species of the Picornaviridae family. EV71 was first identified in California in 1969 and described by Schmidt et al. in 19743). Epidemic outbreaks with high mortality rates occurred in Europe in the 1970s (Bulgaria in 1975 and Hungary in 1978)4,5).
How does EV71 affect the central nervous system?
EV71 infection causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, and usually resolves spontaneously. However, EV71 occasionally involves the central nervous system (CNS), and induces diverse neurological complications such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis.
What are the signs and symptoms of Enterobacter infections (EV-71)?
The characteristic clinical symptoms such as myoclonus and ataxia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and brainstem lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with the skin rash of HFMD and the isolation of EV71 from a stool, throat-swab, or CSF sample are typical findings indicating CNS involvement of EV71 infection.