What is EGFR internalization?
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is one of the best-characterized RTKs. A major mechanism of internalization of EGFR is clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), whereby the receptor is removed from the surface via clathrin-coated pits and then routed to the early endosomes.
How is EGFR regulated?
In summary, both transmembrane and cytoplasmic PTPs regulate cell growth by fine-tuning EGFR endocytosis at several sites along the endocytic pathway. Crosstalk and secondary phosphorylation. Several cytokines and environmental conditions trans-modulate EGFR and other RTKs to alter their functions.
How does the EGFR pathway work?
It begins with the EGFR being activated by one of its ligands, leading to receptor dimerization, the transphosphorylation of the C-terminal tail, and finally the propagation of the signal through various intricate signaling pathways to induce the expression of new genes.
What is EGFR activation?
According to the “ligand-induced dimerization model”, EGFR is activated by the ligand-induced dimerization of the receptor monomer, which brings intracellular kinase domains into close proximity for trans-autophosphorylation to initiate downstream signaling cascades.
How is EGFR phosphorylated?
EGFR can lead to activation of PI3K both directly and indirectly through Ras; it induces downstream activation of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 and -2 that phosphorylate thr308 and ser473 on Akt, respectively.
How is the EGFR Endocytosed?
Once ligand-bound, EGFR is rapidly endocytosed via clathrin-dependent and -independent mechanisms (Sorkin and Goh, 2009). Subsequently, EGFR-ligand complexes may recycle back to the plasma membrane from early and sorting endosomes but are also efficiently targeted to lysosomes for degradation (Sorkin and Goh, 2009).
What are the three parts of the signal transduction pathway for epidermal growth factor EGF )?
Select the three parts of the signal transduction pathway for epidermal growth factor (EGF). Enzyme-linked receptor = The receptor phosphorylates itself or another protein….
- A ligand binds to its GPCR.
- A G protein is activated.
- Phospholipase C is activated.
- A covalent bond in a phospholipid is broken.
Is EGFR an RTK?
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often considered the “prototypical” receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and has been intensively studied. It is one of a family of four RTKs in humans, the others being ErbB2/HER2, ErbB3/HER3, and ErbB4/HER4 (Fig.